HOW CHILDREN LEARN LANGUAGE
We have minds in our minds we have language. But how did language get there ? how did we learn to produce and understand speech ? at birth we cannot speak, nor can we understand speech. Yet, by the age of 4 years we will have learnt the basic vocabulary, syntax (grammatical rules and structures) and pronunciation of our language. This is true of children the world over, whatever their language of the people may be. And while they still have passive and other elaborate syntactic structure to learn (along with a never-ending stock of vocabulary items), nevertheless, by that age they will have overcome the most difficult obstacles in language learning. Indeed the language profidency of the 4 or 5 year old often the envy of the adult second language learner who has been struggling for years to master the language. It is one of the fundamental tasks of the field of psycholinguistic to explain how all of this has occurred.
Recent theories point to social interaction as the primary condition tat allows children to learn language. We don’t need to be a linguistic professor or development psychologist to understand how children language. Just being a parent is enough to pick up on a lot of lessons. Here some milestones to help us understand how children learn language, namely :
- Teaching children to communicate by practicing them the movable alphabet activity, such as giving and introducing them the boxes of letters, practicing them how to pronounce them well, how to spell, how to pronounce words. So, the moveable alphabet activity is the activity that teaches children how to sound world and spell.
- How to teach a child English ?
Fortunately, children’s brains are hard-wired to learn languages, especially before the age of 6. Beside standard BABY TALK vocabulary (‘standard’ in the sense that the item has already been coined and adapted by others), it is uncommon for a family to create and use its own words, words which are not used outside of the family. In English baby talk, it might be mentioned in passing, it is common to add the “iy” sound to word ending in a consonant, for example, ‘birdy’. For ‘bird’, ‘horsie’ for ‘horse’. Kitty’ for ‘ kitten’. This provide the vowel for the completion of the paraligmatic Consonant +Vowel syllable. Since the ‘iy’ suffix also serves a diminutive and affectionate function in English, this may also serve to promote its usage.
- How to teach Child to speak with confidence ?
While some children are nonstop talkers, this is not the case for all children. Many children become more confident in their parent to teach them more knowledge or introduce them some other people. Although they ask us many things they wanted to know, we try to be patient to response them well by giving the correct answer, so that they become more confident to face their surrounding.
- How to teach language with kid’s games ?
Games are effective in teaching foreign language to children, as they often based on repetition and imitation or by giving the some models of kid’s games. Such as, the colorful ballons-to know the color. The scrabble games-to know the words, boxes of numbers-to know the numbers, pictured cards-to know some other word around them. All are known their mother language and other foreign language.
- Mirror speaking Theater Genre for kids ?
Learn how mirror speaking can enhance creativity in children from a professional acting teacher or they can practice themselves how to communicate to other people by facing themselves in the mirror, so it can make them more creative to act such like on the stage, while this way can make their brain to create the story as if they were the story-teller.
- How to teach A child to Speak ?
In fact, children prefer imitating and repeating what they heard or listened. There is noting more sublime than hearing you child say “mama’, ”papa”, or “dada”. We can invite them to practice the words more and more up to become fluent to speak.
- How to understand how children Learn Language ?
Recent theories point to social interaction as the primary condition that allows children to learn language, so let the children produce some words such they wanted; as they make mistakes we try to correct them patiently. When parents do attempt to correct their children’s speech, the result are often fruitless and frustrating. Let them to social by interacting to their people around. However, we still make them polite and know the role to communicate correctly although they are still childhood.
- How To Teach Sequencing to Young Children ?
Sequencing is an important concept for young children to master as they develop their language skills. When parent do attempt to correct their children speech, the result are often fruitless and frustrating. In actual fact, parent pay a little attention to the grammatical correctness of their children’s speech. For example :
Son : Nobody don’t like me
Mom : Nobody likes me
The above sequence is repeated by mother and son seven more times, so children naturally correct their own mistake over them, without the intervention of others.
- How to Teach English Grammar to Children ?
Teaching children English grammar can be daunting task for two main reasons. First, the parent have to speak their children grammatically in order that they can speak and hear the words or sentences naturally correct.
Second, undoubtedly, they would learn language anyway, but given the obvious facilitating nature of their parent speech and the way it naturally arises. It may well be that children who receive such language input learn to understand speech faster than children who do not.
- How to Enhance Language Development in Two to three Years Old ?
A child’s language goes through a development boom from two to three.
All of those ways and theories can be realize by using the patience and the following. Steps, such us :
a. Children learn from their parent and social interaction. Everything they see and hear is absorbed on some level.
b. Children learn language though practice, trial and error, and most of all though interpersonal communication. Speaking and interacting with children will further their language development immensely.
c. Once a child is one years old, parent should begin speaking to him/her in plain.
d. English instead of Baby Talk. Parent should begin simply, with the child’s name, parent names and a few words which convey their needs.
e. Most children begin speaking simple word by age one and have a vocabulary of about ten words once they reach sixteen months.
f. A child that is eighteen months old typically learns one or two new word per day. Pre-scholars will learn approximately ten words per day.
g. Children learn “no” very early on, usually no later than two years.
h. Most children can name body parts and have a thousand –word- vocabulary by their third or fourth birthday.
i. Children start asking “why” around age four or five, be sure to speak to them in adult language (but you don’t have reply to them with adult answers).
j. Kids should have a thousand word vocabulary by their third or fourth birthday.
Tips and Warning
- Interact with your children to improve their language learning skills. Speak clearly and convey exactly what you mean.
- Talk to your children, even the youngest ones. They pick up more than you think.
- Read to your kids. This cannot be overemphasized, they will learn simple and complex sentence structure more quickly.
- Take the time to listen to your child. This will build confidence and trust.
- Do not swear around your children. They will absorb those words like sponge.
- If a children is having difficulty with language, have them examined by a teacher, linguist or doctor. There may be a physical or social reason for their lack of language
RAISING BILINGUAL CHILDREN
The idea raiding bilingual children is both appealing and possible for more and more families these days, and growing up with more than one language certainly has its advantages in today’s global village. Yet bilingualism really isn’t something that simple happens. Raising kids to be successful in more than one language requires some careful planning and learning about bilingual language development.
The reasons for choosing to raise kids with two or more languages are as varied as the families themselves. Even the word “bilingualism” different meanings for different families. For some families, having the ability to listen in two language but speak in just one may constitute bilingualism, while other parent expect their kids not only to be bilingualism but also literate in both languages. Whatever the goals for developing bilingualism in each family may be, success appears to depend on whether a “language plan” has been worked out in advance. Families who take the time to consider how their kids will develop two languages, and who make the necessary commitment to bilingual language development, tend to be more successful in raising bilingual children.
The term balanced bilingualism is used to describe individuals who possess about the same fluency in two language, while semilingualism refers to those who have deficiencies in both language compared with monolinguals. These deficiencies could be in a reduce vocabulary, incorrect grammatical patterns, difficulty thinking or expressing emotions is one of the languages, etc. few people are truly balanced bilinguals in both languages in all situations. One language is usually dominant. This dominance may be different for listening and speaking or for reading and writing and usually change over time.
Most of us able to learn a second language at any time in our lives, and, thought no critical age for bilingual language development has been found, kids do tend to develop more native-like pronunciation when bilingualism begins before addescence. Two types of childhood bilingualism have been define. The first is simultaneous learning of two language, which tends to be affect by four key factors “
- The parents ability in one or more languages. Some parent speak only one language, the language of the home and are unable to speak the language of the school and possibly of the community.
- The parent actual use of language with the child. The parent may have language they speak with the child.
- The language or languages others family members speak with the child, such as the language spoken between siblings or between children and grandparents.
- The last factor is the language the child uses in the community.
Expert stress separating the languages to make language acquisition easier for kids. When kids are learning two language at the same time parent need to work out language strategies that emphasize boundaries between the languages. For example :
- One parent, one language. Each parent consistently speaks one language while the other parent speak another language (usually each on speaking his or her native language to the child and possibly the common language to each other)
- Both parents speak one language in the home and a second language used at school.
- One language is used in the home and at school and the second language is used in the community
- Both parents speak both language to the child but separate the languages according to speaking situations or alternate days.
Consistency is key in early language learning. If you mix language s in the same conversations, young kids experience difficulty separating vocabulary and grammar into appropriate language. The child may learn the “mixed” languages as one hybrid language.
Parents also need to consider how to strike a balance between he languages. If a child attends school in one language all day and has only a short time to hear the other language at home, it’s likely the school language will develop more easily than the home language. Parents have to plan for additional time spent using the home language in a variety of situations and with a variety of speakers. Rich language experiences in both languages are essential for good bilingual development.
- Stability and mobility a family that remains in the second language community. For a linger period of time will increase the chances of the child retaining the second language.
- Relationship within the family affect bilingual language development. For example, if the father speak a different language than the mothers, but frequence trip take him away from home, the child will not learn his language as easily as the mother.
- Attitude toward each language expressed by the parent, other family members, the school, the community and especially the child, will affect the development or one or both of languages. Both languages must given importance and a sense of worth in all aspect of the child’s life. All kids have a desire to communicate when language experience are positive and meaningful.
References
1. Apple, R. and Muyskens, P. 1987. Language Contact and Bilingualism. New York
2. Celce-Murcia, M., Dornyei, Z., and Thurrell, S. 1995. Communicative Competence: A Pedagogically Motivated model with Content Specifications. Issues in Applied Linguistics, Vol. 6 No. 2 pp.5-35.
3. Cummings, L. 2005. Pragmatic: A multidisciplinary Approach. Edinburgh : Edinburgh
4. Culicover, P.W. 1976. Syntax. New York
5. Halliday, M.A.K and Hasan, R. 1989. Language, Context and Text : Aspect of Language in a social-Semiotic Perspective. Oxford : Oxford University
6. Kadarisman, A.E. 2009. Mengurai Bahasa Menyibak Budaya. Malang : Penerbit Universitas Negeri Malang
7. Kearns , K. 2000. Semantics. London : Macmillan Press Ltd. Arnold
8. Steinberg, D.D. 1993. An Introduction to Psycholinguistics. London
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